SEX VARIATIONS IN CD4 COUNT, SERUM MICROELEMENTS, AND ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS SUBJECTS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN NIGERIA

Abstract

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection is frequently accompanied by disruptions in micronutrient balance and progressive immune compromise, which may present differently between males and females. However, evidence describing these differences remains limited, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: The present study examined sex-associated differences in CD4⁺ lymphocyte levels, circulating concentrations of zinc, copper, and selenium, and selected anthropometric measures among adults living with HIV in South Eastern Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 110 adults aged 21–70 years, comprising individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy, newly diagnosed HIV-positive individuals not yet on treatment, and HIV-seronegative controls. Serum trace elements were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while CD4⁺ T-cell enumeration was performed via flow cytometry. Body weight, height, body mass index, and blood pressure were measured following standard clinical protocols. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 27, with statistical significance defined as p < 0.05. Results: Among participants receiving antiretroviral therapy, females demonstrated higher serum selenium concentrations than males. In the control group, zinc and copper levels differed significantly between sexes. Untreated HIV-positive individuals exhibited marked sex-related differences in body weight and body mass index. Correlation analysis further revealed significant associations between sex, CD4⁺ T-cell counts, and serum zinc concentrations. Conclusion: These findings indicate that biological sex contributes to variability in immune response, micronutrient distribution, and nutritional status in HIV infection. Incorporating sex-responsive monitoring and nutritional support into HIV care programs may enhance clinical management and therapeutic outcomes.